Secondary Control for Cyber-Physical Interconnected Microgrid Systems
Received: 24 January 2025 | Revised: 18 February 2025 | Accepted: 28 February 2025 | Online: 3 April 2025
Corresponding author: Ngoc An Luu
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the design, control frameworks, and practical implementation of interconnected microgrids, with an emphasis on improving system resilience and reliability. To overcome architectural challenges, a hierarchically distributed control system is proposed, featuring both microgrid-level and system-wide control layers. A multi-agent system is employed to oversee control elements in each microgrid and to facilitate cooperation with neighboring grids. Additionally, the paper introduces a Cyber Hardware-in-the-Loop (CHIL) framework, designed to function as a real-time simulation platform for the cyber-physical aspects of these systems, integrating network emulation, real-time power system dynamics, and multiagent control coordination.
Keywords:
microgrid, distributed control, cyber hardware-in-the-loop, cyber-physical system, real-timeDownloads
References
X. Wu, X. Wu, Y. Xu, and J. He, "A Hierarchical Control Framework for Islanded Multi-Microgrid Systems," in 2018 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), Portland, OR, USA, Aug. 2018, pp. 1–5.
Q. Shafiee, T. Dragičević, J. C. Vasquez, and J. M. Guerrero, "Hierarchical Control for Multiple DC-Microgrids Clusters," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 922–933, Sep. 2014.
Z. Zhao, P. Yang, Y. Wang, Z. Xu, and J. M. Guerrero, "Dynamic Characteristics Analysis and Stabilization of PV-Based Multiple Microgrid Clusters," IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 805–818, Jan. 2019.
Y. Wang et al., "A Distributed Control Scheme of Microgrids in Energy Internet Paradigm and Its Multisite Implementation," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 1141–1153, Oct. 2021.
T. L. Nguyen, Q. T. Tran, R. Caire, Y. Wang, Y. Besanger, and N. A. Luu, "Distributed optimal power flow and the multi-agent system for the realization in cyber-physical system," Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 192, Mar. 2021, Art. no. 107007.
C. Dou, Z. Zhang, D. Yue, and Y. Zheng, "MAS-Based Hierarchical Distributed Coordinate Control Strategy of Virtual Power Source Voltage in Low-Voltage Microgrid," IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 11381–11390, 2017.
Y. Han, K. Zhang, H. Li, E. A. A. Coelho, and J. M. Guerrero, "MAS-Based Distributed Coordinated Control and Optimization in Microgrid and Microgrid Clusters: A Comprehensive Overview," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 6488–6508, Dec. 2018.
M. Maaruf, S. El-Ferik, F. S. Al-Ismail, and M. Khalid, "A Decentralized Multiagent-Based Robust Backstepping Control for Restoring Secondary Voltage and Frequency of Autonomous Microgrids," in 2022 11th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Application (ICRERA), Istanbul, Turkey, Sep. 2022, pp. 430–435.
S. Ahmad, S. Mekhilef, and H. Mokhlis, "An Intelligent Interconnection Module for Multiple Self-healed Interconnected Microgrids," in 2021 IEEE 4th International Conference on Computing, Power and Communication Technologies (GUCON), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Sep. 2021, pp. 1–6.
D. Saha, N. Bazmohammadi, J. C. Vasquez, and J. M. Guerrero, "Multiple Microgrids: A Review of Architectures and Operation and Control Strategies," Energies, vol. 16, no. 2, Jan. 2023, Art. no. 600.
P. Wu, W. Huang, N. Tai, J. Xie, and B. Lv, "An advanced architecture of multiple microgrids interfacing with UCC," in 2017 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, Chicago, IL, Jul. 2017, pp. 1–5.
S. Muchande and S. Thale, "Hierarchical Control of a Low Voltage DC Microgrid with Coordinated Power Management Strategies," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 8045–8052, Feb. 2022.
Y. Wang, T. L. Nguyen, Y. Xu, Z. Li, Q.-T. Tran, and R. Caire, "Cyber-Physical Design and Implementation of Distributed Event-Triggered Secondary Control in Islanded Microgrids," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 5631–5642, Aug. 2019.
A. Bidram, F. L. Lewis, and A. Davoudi, "Distributed Control Systems for Small-Scale Power Networks: Using Multiagent Cooperative Control Theory," IEEE Control Systems Magazine, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 56–77, Sep. 2014.
Y. Wang, T. L. Nguyen, Y. Xu, Q. T. Tran, and R. Caire, "Peer-to-Peer Control for Networked Microgrids: Multi-Layer and Multi-Agent Architecture Design," IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 4688–4699, Aug. 2020.
Y. Yao and N. Ertugrul, "An Overview of Hierarchical Control Strategies for Microgrids," in 2019 29th Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), Nadi, Fiji, Nov. 2019, pp. 1–6.
M. Liu et al., "A Multi-Agent System Based Hierarchical Control Framework for Microgrids," in 2021 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), Washington, DC, USA, Jul. 2021, pp. 01–05.
Y. Han, H. Li, P. Shen, E. A. A. Coelho, and J. M. Guerrero, "Review of Active and Reactive Power Sharing Strategies in Hierarchical Controlled Microgrids," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 2427–2451, Mar. 2017.
M. Maaruf, S. El-Ferik, M. Abido, and M. Khalid, "Two-Loop Distributed Optimal Secondary Voltage Control of an Islanded Microgrid with Multiple Distributed Generators," in 2022 IEEE PES 14th Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC), Melbourne, Australia, Nov. 2022, pp. 1–5.
S. Sun, Y. Cheng, D. Wei, and N. Wang, "Management of MicroGrid in Power System in the Perspective of Communication Process of Multi-agent System," Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1815, no. 1, Feb. 2021, Art. no. 012024.
J. B. Almada, R. P. S. Leão, R. G. Almeida, and R. F. Sampaio, "Microgrid distributed secondary control and energy management using multi-agent system," International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, vol. 31, no. 10, 2021, Art. no. e12886.
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ngoc An Luu, Thi-Minh-Dung Tran, Tung Lam Nguyen
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
