An Interleaved Isolated Flyback Converter with MPPT using Modified P&O Algorithm for Photovoltaic Generators
Received: 30 January 2025 | Revised: 27 February 2025 | Accepted: 9 March 2025 | Online: 4 June 2025
Corresponding author: Machmud Effendy
Abstract
Solar energy can be optimally harvested using efficient energy extraction technologies in photovoltaic (PV) systems. The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm is one of the most widely used technologies for achieving the Maximum Power Point (MPP) of a PV system. The main drawbacks of MPPT are the large current ripple and high oscillation, which reduce maximum power efficiency. In this study, an MPPT using an Interleaved Isolated Flyback Converter (IIFC) with a modified Perturbation and Observation (P&O) algorithm is proposed. The comparative analysis results between the proposed algorithm and conventional P&O were simulated using the PSIM software. The results showed that the conventional P&O algorithm often suffers from oscillations and slow tracking under rapidly changing irradiance conditions. Meanwhile, the modified P&O algorithm outperformed the conventional P&O method by achieving an average power efficiency improvement of 3.5% and generating a smoother and more stable duty cycle, enabling faster convergence to the MPP, higher PV power efficiency, and minimization of power oscillation. In addition, performance tests under fluctuating solar irradiance demonstrated the algorithm's ability to maintain a high power-tracking efficiency and stable operation. The proposed approach highlights its potential to optimize energy harvesting in PV systems, especially in scenarios with dynamic environmental conditions.
Keywords:
photovoltaic, maximum power point tracking, interleave isolated flyback converter, modified P&ODownloads
References
M. Effendy, M. Ashari, and H. Suryoatmojo, "PV Generation-Energy Storage Coordination with Adaptive Droop Control in Isolated DC Microgrid," International Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 655–669, 2023.
D. Li and C. N. M. Ho, "Decentralized PV–BES Coordination Control With Improved Dynamic Performance for Islanded Plug-n-Play DC Microgrid," IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 4992–5001, Aug. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JESTPE.2020.3039266
R. B. Bollipo and P. K. Bonthagorla, "Hybrid, optimization, Intelligent and Classical PV MPPT techniques: A Review," CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 9–33, 2021.
S. Bhattacharyya, D. S. Kumar P, S. Samanta, and S. Mishra, "Steady Output and Fast Tracking MPPT (SOFT-MPPT) for P&o; InC Algorithms," IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 293–302, Jan. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2020.2991768
MD. M. Masoom, N. Kumar, and A. R. Kulkarni, "MPPT Based Grid Connected Photovoltaic System Using Flyback Converter," in 2020 IEEE International Conference for Innovation in Technology (INOCON), Bangluru, India, Nov. 2020, pp. 1–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/INOCON50539.2020.9298412
D. Tang, F. L. Siaw, and T. H. G. Thio, "Power equalization and optimization of photovoltaic module based on forward-flyback converter," Energy Informatics, vol. 7, Dec. 2024, Art. no. 34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-024-00338-y
T. N. T. Tran, H.-Y. Xu, and J.-M. Wang, "Development of Active-Clamp Flyback Converter for Improving Light-Load Efficiency," IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 2456–2469, Jun. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JESTPE.2024.3387549
F. Cacciotto, A. Cannone, E. Cassarà, and S. A. Rizzo, "Analysis and Optimization of a Regenerative Snubber for a GaN-Based USB-PD Flyback Converter," Electronics, vol. 13, no. 6, Mar. 2024, Art. no. 1045. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13061045
C. Pesce et al., "A Modified Multi-Winding DC–DC Flyback Converter for Photovoltaic Applications," Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 24, Jan. 2021, Art. no. 11999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411999
M. L. Katche, A. B. Makokha, S. O. Zachary, and M. S. Adaramola, "A Comprehensive Review of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Techniques Used in Solar PV Systems," Energies, vol. 16, no. 5, Jan. 2023, Art. no. 2206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052206
M. Q. Taha, M. K. Mohammed, and B. E. Haiba, "Metaheuristic Optimization of Maximum Power Point Tracking in PV Array under Partial Shading," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 14628–14633, Jun. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.7385
D. A. Nugraha, K. L. Lian, and Suwarno, "A Novel MPPT Method Based on Cuckoo Search Algorithm and Golden Section Search Algorithm for Partially Shaded PV System," Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 173–182, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CJECE.2019.2914723
N. Priyadarshi, S. Padmanaban, J. B. Holm-Nielsen, F. Blaabjerg, and M. S. Bhaskar, "An Experimental Estimation of Hybrid ANFIS–PSO-Based MPPT for PV Grid Integration Under Fluctuating Sun Irradiance," IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1218–1229, Mar. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2019.2949083
A. Kabbani and H. M. Shaik, "PV Cell Parameters Modeling and Temperature Effect Analysis," International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 563–571, Aug. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.33845
R. Wang, "Parameter Identification of Photovoltaic Cell Model Based on Enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization," Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 2, Jan. 2021, Art. no. 840. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020840
L. Shang, H. Guo, and W. Zhu, "An improved MPPT control strategy based on incremental conductance algorithm," Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems, vol. 5, no. 1, Dec. 2020, Art. no. 14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41601-020-00161-z
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Machmud Effendy, Khusnul Hidayat, Haneef Nouval Alannibras Humaidi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
