The Effect of Water Filling Level in a Live-Bait Tank on the Stability of a 20 GT Pole and Line Fishing Vessel

Ummi H. Kalsum; Daeng Paroka; Andi Nadia Himaya; Budimawan; Fuad Mahfud Assidiq; Sabaruddin Rahman; Andi Haris Muhammad; Ahmad Fitriadhy; Alamsyah; St. Aisjah Farhum; Muammar Kadafi; Siska

doi:10.48084/etasr.16811

Authors

Ummi H. Kalsum Department of Naval Architecture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
Daeng Paroka Department of Ocean Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
Andi Nadia Himaya Department of Naval Architecture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
Budimawan Department of Marine Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
Fuad Mahfud Assidiq Department of Ocean Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
Sabaruddin Rahman Department of Ocean Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
Andi Haris Muhammad Department of Marine Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
Ahmad Fitriadhy Program of Naval Architecture, Faculty of Ocean Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Mengabang Telipot, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
Alamsyah Department of Naval Architecture, Kalimantan Institute of Technology, Balikpapan, Indonesia
St. Aisjah Farhum Department of Marine Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
Muammar Kadafi Department of Ocean Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
Siska Department of Ocean Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia

Volume: 16 | Issue: 2 | Pages: 34000-34011 | April 2026 | https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.16811

Received: 8 December 2025 | Revised: 12 January 2026 and 28 January 2026 | Accepted: 29 January 2026 | Online: 4 April 2026

Corresponding author: Daeng Paroka

Abstract

The stability of pole-and-line fishing vessels equipped with a live-bait tank is heavily influenced by the free surface effect caused by the water load. The sloshing motion of the load inside the tanks can increase the dynamic pressure on the tank walls and generate heeling moments (M_h) that may reduce the vessel’s stability. This study aims to analyze the effects of water filling level ( ) variation, roll excitation frequency, and roll angle (θ) on the distribution of hydrostatic and dynamic pressures, and their implications for vessel stability. Numerical simulations were conducted using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in the Ansys Fluent with the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method in a hull-shaped tank under transient conditions. A dynamic mesh was applied to track the fluid-free surface, and a pressure-based solver employing the k-ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model was used and verified through a grid-independence test. The simulations were performed for H between 10% and 90% of the tank height, roll excitation frequencies between 0.5 and 2.5 rad/s, and θ between 5 ° and 20 °. The results showed that the highest dynamic pressure values were recorded near the free surface under all filling conditions. Roll frequency and θ significantly affected the pressure when the H in the tank was approximately 50% of the tank height. At an H of 90%, the pressure on the tank walls did not show any significant variation. Compared to the low filling condition (10%), the average sloshing pressure increased by more than one order of magnitude as approached 70% of the tank height. The M_h induced by water pressure on the tank walls increased with higher H and with the ratio of free surface height to width. The representative sloshing-induced M_h increased by approximately 85% at a 90% filling level compared to the 10% filling condition. The lowest gradient of M_h increase occurred at water levels between 50% and 70%, corresponding to a free-surface height-to-width ratio of 0.21–0.27. The influence of resonant frequency on the disturbing arm (GZ_h) was more pronounced when the was below 50% of the tank height than at higher H. The maximum GZ_h of 0.013 m occurred at an H of 90%, with a roll frequency of 2.5 rad/s and a θ of 20 ° corresponding to the reduction of righting arm (GZ_r) of 1.82% of the original. These results indicated that the vessel maintained sufficient stability to counteract the M_h generated by the water motion within the live-bait tank.

Keywords:

vessel stability, sloshing, heeling moment, free-surface effect, filling level, CFD

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