Integrating Mobile Apps and Wearables for Health Behavior Change: A Systematic Review

Ansarullah Lawi; Ana Faizah; Susanti; Gunawan Toto; Jogie Suaduon; Feberlian Elisabeth Gulo

doi:10.48084/etasr.17887

Authors

Ansarullah Lawi Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Batam, Kepulauan Riau, Indonesia
Ana Faizah Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Batam, Kepulauan Riau, Indonesia
Susanti Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Batam, Kepulauan Riau, Indonesia
Gunawan Toto Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Batam, Kepulauan Riau, Indonesia
Jogie Suaduon Sekolah Hang Tuah, Batam, Kepulauan Riau, Indonesia
Feberlian Elisabeth Gulo Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Batam, Kepulauan Riau, Indonesia

Volume: 16 | Issue: 2 | Pages: 34581-34590 | April 2026 | https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.17887

Received: 1 February 2026 | Revised: 16 February 2026 and 27 February 2026 | Accepted: 2 March 2026 | Online: 4 April 2026

Corresponding author: Ana Faizah

Abstract

This systematic review evaluates the comparative effectiveness of mobile phone-based Persuasive Technologies (PTs) in promoting Physical Activity (PA) and reducing Sedentary Behavior (SB). By synthesizing findings from 62 studies published over the past 19 years (2006–2025), this review highlights the differential impact of mobile apps, wearable devices, and hybrid interventions on health behaviors. The results from the descriptive synthesis demonstrate that hybrid PTs, combining apps with wearables, yield a higher aggregated efficacy than app-only interventions in increasing PA and reducing SB, particularly in sustaining habits over the long term (6 months). Key Behavior Change Techniques (BCTs), such as self-monitoring, goal-setting, and real-time feedback, were identified as critical to maintaining user engagement. However, challenges such as long-term adherence remain, particularly with app-only interventions where engagement drops significantly due to manual entry fatigue. This review contributes to the field of mobile health (mHealth) engineering by quantifying engagement decay rates and offering evidence-based insights for designing robust, multi-sensor digital interventions.

Keywords:

mobile health, persuasive technologies, physical activity, sedentary behavior, hybrid interventions, engineering technology

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

K. González, J. Fuentes, and J. L. Márquez, "Physical Inactivity, Sedentary Behavior and Chronic Diseases," Korean Journal of Family Medicine, vol. 38, no. 3, 2017, Art. no. 111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2017.38.3.111

C. E. Matthews et al., "Physical Activity Levels (PAL) in US Adults—2019," Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 884–891, May 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003102

P. Nguyen, L. K. D. Le, J. Ananthapavan, L. Gao, D. W. Dunstan, and M. Moodie, "Economics of sedentary behaviour: A systematic review of cost of illness, cost-effectiveness, and return on investment studies," Preventive Medicine, vol. 156, Mar. 2022, Art. no. 106964. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.106964

H. L. Tong et al., "The Use of Mobile Technologies to Promote Physical Activity and Reduce Sedentary Behaviors in the Middle East and North Africa Region: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," Journal of Medical Internet Research, vol. 26, Mar. 2024, Art. no. e53651. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/53651

N. Aldenaini, A. Alslaity, S. Sampalli, and R. Orji, "Persuasive Strategies and Their Implementations in Mobile Interventions for Physical Activity: A Systematic Review," International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 2292–2338, July 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2022.2075573

Z. He et al., "Effects of Smartphone-Based Interventions on Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis," JMIR mHealth and uHealth, vol. 9, no. 2, Feb. 2021, Art. no. e22601. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/22601

G. Xinrui, J. Yao, and S. Hou, "Smartwatch-based persuasive design with tailored competition and cooperation strategies for promoting physical activity," presented at the 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023), 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003626

N. Feter, T. S. Dos Santos, E. L. Caputo, and M. C. Da Silva, "What is the role of smartphones on physical activity promotion? A systematic review and meta-analysis," International Journal of Public Health, vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 679–690, June 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-019-01210-7

S. Schoeppe et al., "Apps to improve diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents: a review of quality, features and behaviour change techniques," International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, vol. 14, no. 1, Dec. 2017, Art. no. 83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0538-3

M. A. Emberson, A. Lalande, D. Wang, D. J. McDonough, W. Liu, and Z. Gao, "Effectiveness of Smartphone‐Based Physical Activity Interventions on Individuals’ Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review," BioMed Research International, vol. 2021, no. 1, Jan. 2021, Art. no. 6296896. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6296896

J. Bort-Roig, E. Chirveches-Pérez, F. Garcia-Cuyàs, K. P. Dowd, and A. Puig-Ribera, "Monitoring Occupational Sitting, Standing, and Stepping in Office Employees With the W@W-App and the MetaWearC Sensor: Validation Study," JMIR mHealth and uHealth, vol. 8, no. 8, Aug. 2020, Art. no. e15338. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/15338

M. D’Addario, D. Baretta, F. Zanatta, A. Greco, and P. Steca, "Engagement Features in Physical Activity Smartphone Apps: Focus Group Study With Sedentary People," JMIR mHealth and uHealth, vol. 8, no. 11, Nov. 2020, Art. no. e20460. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/20460

L. Xu et al., "The Effects of mHealth-Based Gamification Interventions on Participation in Physical Activity: Systematic Review," JMIR mHealth and uHealth, vol. 10, no. 2, Feb. 2022, Art. no. e27794. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/27794

F. Alòs and A. Puig-Ribera, "Clinical use of wearables and Mobile Apps (mHealth) to change patient’s lifestyles through a primary care-based approach: A narrative review," (in Spanish), Atención Primaria Práctica, vol. 3, Dec. 2021, Art. no. 100122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appr.2021.100122

A. Almasri, T. Nutter, Y. Abdulfattah, and H. Abdulfattah, "AI-Driven Energy-Efficient mHealth Applications for Chronic Disease Management: A Review of Optimization Techniques," Journal of Ecohumanism, vol. 4, no. 1, Feb. 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.62754/joe.v4i1.6333

S. K. Nishi et al., "Effect of digital health applications with or without gamification on physical activity and cardiometabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials," eClinicalMedicine, vol. 76, Oct. 2024, Art. no. 102798. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102798

K. Sporrel, N. Nibbeling, S. Wang, D. Ettema, and M. Simons, "Unraveling Mobile Health Exercise Interventions for Adults: Scoping Review on the Implementations and Designs of Persuasive Strategies," JMIR mHealth and uHealth, vol. 9, no. 1, Jan. 2021, Art. no. e16282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/16282

A. McGowan, S. Sittig, D. Bourrie, R. Benton, and S. Iyengar, "The Intersection of Persuasive System Design and Personalization in Mobile Health: Statistical Evaluation," JMIR mHealth and uHealth, vol. 10, no. 9, Sept. 2022, Art. no. e40576. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/40576

J. Matthews, K. T. Win, H. Oinas-Kukkonen, and M. Freeman, "Persuasive Technology in Mobile Applications Promoting Physical Activity: a Systematic Review," Journal of Medical Systems, vol. 40, no. 3, Mar. 2016, Art. no. 72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-015-0425-x

N. Aldenaini, O. Oyebode, R. Orji, and S. Sampalli, "Mobile Phone-Based Persuasive Technology for Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: A Systematic Review," Frontiers in Computer Science, vol. 2, July 2020, Art. no. 19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2020.00019

S. E. Bonn et al., "App-technology to increase physical activity among patients with diabetes type 2 - the DiaCert-study, a randomized controlled trial," BMC Public Health, vol. 18, no. 1, Dec. 2018, Art. no. 119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5026-4

C. Ernsting et al., "Using Smartphones and Health Apps to Change and Manage Health Behaviors: A Population-Based Survey," Journal of Medical Internet Research, vol. 19, no. 4, Apr. 2017, Art. no. e101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.6838

J. Helbostad et al., "Mobile Health Applications to Promote Active and Healthy Ageing," Sensors, vol. 17, no. 3, Mar. 2017, Art. no. 622. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s17030622

J. McCool, R. Dobson, R. Whittaker, and C. Paton, "Mobile Health (mHealth) in Low- and Middle-Income Countries," Annual Review of Public Health, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 525–539, Apr. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052620-093850

A. Brons, S. Wang, B. Visser, B. Kröse, S. Bakkes, and R. Veltkamp, "Machine Learning Methods to Personalize Persuasive Strategies in mHealth Interventions That Promote Physical Activity: Scoping Review and Categorization Overview," Journal of Medical Internet Research, vol. 26, Nov. 2024, Art. no. e47774. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/47774

J. Zhao, B. Freeman, and M. Li, "Can Mobile Phone Apps Influence People’s Health Behavior Change? An Evidence Review," Journal of Medical Internet Research, vol. 18, no. 11, Nov. 2016, Art. no. e287. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.5692

S. J. Iribarren, T. O. Akande, K. J. Kamp, D. Barry, Y. G. Kader, and E. Suelzer, "Effectiveness of Mobile Apps to Promote Health and Manage Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials," JMIR mHealth and uHealth, vol. 9, no. 1, Jan. 2021, Art. no. e21563. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/21563

L. Y. D. Almeida, J. C. P. D. Almeida, J. L. D. Oliveira, D. V. Belchior, A. C. G. Zanetti, and J. D. Souza, "Social support in workers’ physical activity," Acta Paulista de Enfermagem, vol. 37, Oct. 2023, Art. no. eAPE01521. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37689/acta-ape/2024AO0001521

M. J. Page et al., "The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews," Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, vol. 134, pp. 178–189, June 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.03.001

S. Michie et al., "The Behavior Change Technique Taxonomy (v1) of 93 Hierarchically Clustered Techniques: Building an International Consensus for the Reporting of Behavior Change Interventions," Annals of Behavioral Medicine, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 81–95, Aug. 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-013-9486-6

E. Igelström, M. Campbell, P. Craig, and S. V. Katikireddi, "Cochrane’s risk of bias tool for non-randomized studies (ROBINS-I) is frequently misapplied: A methodological systematic review," Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, vol. 140, pp. 22–32, Dec. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.08.022

F. L. Schmidt and J. E. Hunter, Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings. SAGE Publications, Ltd, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483398105

A. C. King et al., "Effects of Three Motivationally Targeted Mobile Device Applications on Initial Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Change in Midlife and Older Adults: A Randomized Trial," PLOS ONE, vol. 11, no. 6, June 2016, Art. no. e0156370. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156370

N. Atluri et al., "Acceptability of a Text Message‐Based Mobile Health Intervention to Promote Physical Activity in Cardiac Rehabilitation Enrollees: A Qualitative Substudy of Participant Perspectives," Journal of the American Heart Association, vol. 13, no. 2, Jan. 2024, Art. no. e030807. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.123.030807

K. Patterson, R. Davey, R. Keegan, B. Kunstler, A. Woodward, and N. Freene, "Behaviour change techniques in cardiovascular disease smartphone apps to improve physical activity and sedentary behaviour: Systematic review and meta-regression," International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, vol. 19, no. 1, Dec. 2022, Art. no. 81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-022-01319-8

E. Carraça et al., "Effective behavior change techniques to promote physical activity in adults with overweight or obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis," Obesity Reviews, vol. 22, no. S4, July 2021, Art. no. e13258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13258

J. A. Carlson et al., "CHAP-child: an open source method for estimating sit-to-stand transitions and sedentary bout patterns from hip accelerometers among children," International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, vol. 19, no. 1, Aug. 2022, Art. no. 109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-022-01349-2

B. Chandrasekaran, C. R. Rao, A. J. Pesola, and A. Arumugam, "Effectiveness of technology-assisted and self-directed interventions to sit less and move more among Indian desk-based office workers: A three-arm cluster randomised controlled trial (SMART-STEP trial)," Applied Ergonomics, vol. 127, Sept. 2025, Art. no. 104528. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104528

A. M. Wafi et al., "Real-Time Vibration Feedback from a Smartphone Application Reduces Sedentary Time but Does Not Increase Physical Activity Among Medical Students," Healthcare, vol. 12, no. 21, Oct. 2024, Art. no. 2133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12212133

H. Onyeaka, J. Firth, R. C. Kessler, K. Lovell, and J. Torous, "Use of smartphones, mobile apps and wearables for health promotion by people with anxiety or depression: An analysis of a nationally representative survey data," Psychiatry Research, vol. 304, Oct. 2021, Art. no. 114120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114120

S. Flora et al., "Phenotyping Adopters of Mobile Applications Among Patients With COPD: A Cross-Sectional Study," Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences, vol. 2, Nov. 2021, Art. no. 729237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fresc.2021.729237

A. M. Faust, A. Auerbeck, A. M. Lee, I. Kim, and D. E. Conroy, "Passive sensing of smartphone use, physical activity and sedentary behavior among adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic," Journal of Behavioral Medicine, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 770–781, Oct. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-024-00499-x

G. AlSwayied, H. Guo, T. Rookes, R. Frost, and F. L. Hamilton, "Assessing the Acceptability and Effectiveness of Mobile-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Midlife Women During Menopause: Systematic Review of the Literature," JMIR mHealth and uHealth, vol. 10, no. 12, Dec. 2022, Art. no. e40271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/40271

P. Cotie, A. Willms, and S. Liu, "Implementation of Behavior Change Theories and Techniques for Physical Activity Just-in-Time Adaptive Interventions: A Scoping Review," International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 22, no. 7, July 2025, Art. no. 1133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22071133

F. Alòs et al., "Effectiveness of a healthcare-based mobile intervention on sedentary patterns, physical activity, mental well-being and clinical and productivity outcomes in office employees with type 2 diabetes: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial," BMC Public Health, vol. 22, no. 1, Dec. 2022, Art. no. 1269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13676-x

I. Coppens, L. Martens, and T. De Pessemier, "Comparing familiar with inspiring recommendations to assist people in moving more," in IUI-WS 23 : Workshops at the International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) 2023, 2023, vol. 3359, pp. 8–16.

U. S. Manskow, E. H. Sagelv, K. Antypas, and P. Zanaboni, "Adoption, acceptability and sustained use of digital interventions to promote physical activity among inactive adults: a mixed-method study," Frontiers in Public Health, vol. 11, Jan. 2024, Art. no. 1297844. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1297844

E. Ibragimova, S. Uraimov, Y. Baitassov, S. Yuldasheva, D. Kutlimuratova, and M. Litwinowa, "Digital motivation: fitness apps and student physical activity," Retos, vol. 67, pp. 1162–1173, May 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v67.113635

F. H. McKay, C. Cheng, A. Wright, J. Shill, H. Stephens, and M. Uccellini, "Evaluating mobile phone applications for health behaviour change: A systematic review," Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 22–30, Jan. 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X16673538

R. Gal, A. M. May, E. J. Van Overmeeren, M. Simons, and E. M. Monninkhof, "The Effect of Physical Activity Interventions Comprising Wearables and Smartphone Applications on Physical Activity: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis," Sports Medicine - Open, vol. 4, no. 1, Dec. 2018, Art. no. 42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-018-0157-9

C. J. Lavie, C. Ozemek, S. Carbone, P. T. Katzmarzyk, and S. N. Blair, "Sedentary Behavior, Exercise, and Cardiovascular Health," Circulation Research, vol. 124, no. 5, pp. 799–815, Mar. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.312669

M. P. Buman et al., "BeWell24: development and process evaluation of a smartphone ‘app’ to improve sleep, sedentary, and active behaviors in US Veterans with increased metabolic risk," Translational Behavioral Medicine, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 438–448, Sept. 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13142-015-0359-3

G. Tyulepberdinova, M. Kunelbayev, G. Amirkhanova, M. Tokhtassyn, and A. Amirkhanov, "Development of a Stress Monitoring System Architecture for Heart Rate Measurement," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 29551–29565, Dec. 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.13150

W. Fan and G. Liu, "The Power of Collaboration in Facilitating Mobile Technology Adoption in Health Care," Journal of Medical Internet Research, vol. 26, July 2024, Art. no. e60350. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/60350

L. Chen, F. Jang, M. Li, W. Zong, and H. Yu, "Effectiveness of mHealth-Based Gamified Interventions on Physical Activity in Older Adults: Systematic Review," JMIR Aging, vol. 8, pp. e78686–e78686, Oct. 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/78686

Y. Hongchuvech, R. Somrongthong, and S. Plianbangchang, "Health Promotion Intervention through Smartphone LINE Application for Increasing Physical Activity and Healthy Eating Behavior among Overweight Women in Urban Community in Bangkok, Thailand," Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, vol. 104, no. 8, pp. 1241–1248, Aug. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35755/jmedassocthai.2021.08.11747

K. Daniels, K. Quadflieg, and B. Bonnechère, "Mobile health interventions for active aging: a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effectiveness of physical activity promotion," mHealth, vol. 11, Jan. 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21037/mhealth-24-41

F. Alòs et al., "Impact of a primary care-based mobile health intervention to ‘sit less and move more’ on HbA1c, blood pressure, and other clinical outcomes in office employees with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial," Primary Care Diabetes, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 434–445, Oct. 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2025.05.010

T. Tong, K. Iqbal, and A. A. Rahman, "Core Technological Competence and Competitive Advantage: A Study on Chinese High-Tech SMEs," Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 13, July 2022, Art. no. 959448. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.959448

Y. Huang, S. Benford, B. Li, D. Price, and H. Blake, "Feasibility and Acceptability of an Internet of Things–Enabled Sedentary Behavior Intervention: Mixed Methods Study," Journal of Medical Internet Research, vol. 25, Feb. 2023, Art. no. e43502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/43502

R. Barnett, C. Clarke, R. Sengupta, and P. C. Rouse, "Protocol for a systematic literature review of smartphone apps to support the self-management of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases: development strategies, theoretical underpinnings and barriers to engagement," Systematic Reviews, vol. 12, no. 1, July 2023, Art. no. 129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-023-02276-4

H. E. Payne, C. Lister, J. H. West, and J. M. Bernhardt, "Behavioral Functionality of Mobile Apps in Health Interventions: A Systematic Review of the Literature," JMIR mHealth and uHealth, vol. 3, no. 1, Feb. 2015, Art. no. e20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/mhealth.3335

M. Salzwedel, S. Zuidema, H. Kort, and S. Janus, "Exploring the Role of Sex and Gender in the Adoption of Assistive Technology in Dementia Care: A Scoping Review," Journal of Applied Gerontology, vol. 44, no. 9, pp. 1458–1471, Sept. 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/07334648241310708

A. Bertolazzi, V. Quaglia, and R. Bongelli, "Barriers and facilitators to health technology adoption by older adults with chronic diseases: an integrative systematic review," BMC Public Health, vol. 24, no. 1, Feb. 2024, Art. no. 506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18036-5

K. A. McMillan, A. Kirk, A. Hewitt, and S. MacRury, "A Systematic and Integrated Review of Mobile-Based Technology to Promote Active Lifestyles in People With Type 2 Diabetes," Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 299–307, Mar. 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296816656018

M. S. Bender, S. Martinez, and C. Kennedy, "Designing a Culturally Appropriate Visually Enhanced Low-Text Mobile Health App Promoting Physical Activity for Latinos: A Qualitative Study," Journal of Transcultural Nursing, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 420–428, July 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659614565249

A. Spinean, A. Mladin, S. Carniciu, A. Stănescu, and C. Serafinceanu, "Emerging Methods for Integrative Management of Chronic Diseases: Utilizing mHealth Apps for Lifestyle Interventions," Nutrients, vol. 17, no. 9, Apr. 2025, Art. no. 1506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091506

K. Fan and Y. Zhao, "Mobile health technology: a novel tool in chronic disease management," Intelligent Medicine, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 41–47, Feb. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imed.2021.06.003

C. Fernández, M. A. Vicente, M. Guilabert, I. Carrillo, and J. J. Mira, "Developing a mobile health app for chronic illness management: Insights from focus groups," Digital Health, vol. 9, Jan. 2023, Art. no. 20552076231210662. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076231210662

K. Hesketh et al., "Mobile Health Biometrics to Enhance Exercise and Physical Activity Adherence in Type 2 Diabetes (MOTIVATE-T2D): a decentralised feasibility randomised controlled trial delivered across the UK and Canada," BMJ Open, vol. 15, no. 3, Mar. 2025, Art. no. e092260. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-092260

G. Nambi et al., "Role of Tele-Physical Therapy Training on Glycemic Control, Pulmonary Function, Physical Fitness, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) Following COVID-19 Infection—A Randomized Controlled Trial," Healthcare, vol. 11, no. 12, June 2023, Art. no. 1791. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11121791

C. K. Blair et al., "A Home-Based Mobile Health Intervention to Replace Sedentary Time With Light Physical Activity in Older Cancer Survivors: Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial," JMIR Cancer, vol. 7, no. 2, Apr. 2021, Art. no. e18819. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/18819

J. Colomina et al., "Implementing mHealth-Enabled Integrated Care for Complex Chronic Patients With Osteoarthritis Undergoing Primary Hip or Knee Arthroplasty: Prospective, Two-Arm, Parallel Trial," Journal of Medical Internet Research, vol. 23, no. 9, Sept. 2021, Art. no. e28320. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/28320

M. Kanai, T. Miki, T. Sakoda, and Y. Hagiwara, "The Effect of Combining mHealth and Health Professional–Led Intervention for Improving Health-Related Outcomes in Chronic Diseases: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," Interactive Journal of Medical Research, vol. 14, Jan. 2025, Art. no. e55835. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/55835

T. Rouyard et al., "Effects of workplace interventions on sedentary behaviour and physical activity: an umbrella review with meta-analyses and narrative synthesis," The Lancet Public Health, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. e295–e308, Apr. 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(25)00038-6

K. S. Leonard et al., "Maintenance effects of a multilevel workplace intervention to reduce sedentary time: twenty-four-month follow-up of the group randomized clinical trial ‘Stand and Move at Work,’" International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, vol. 22, no. 1, Apr. 2025, Art. no. 39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-025-01731-w

V. Patel, A. Chesmore, C. M. Legner, and S. Pandey, "Trends in Workplace Wearable Technologies and Connected‐Worker Solutions for Next‐Generation Occupational Safety, Health, and Productivity," Advanced Intelligent Systems, vol. 4, no. 1, Jan. 2022, Art. no. 2100099. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202100099

E. Stefana, F. Marciano, D. Rossi, P. Cocca, and G. Tomasoni, "Wearable Devices for Ergonomics: A Systematic Literature Review," Sensors, vol. 21, no. 3, Jan. 2021, Art. no. 777. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030777

D. M. Grant, D. J. Tomlinson, K. Tsintzas, and G. L. Onambele-Pearson, "Daily Variability in Sedentary Behaviour and Physical Activity Responsiveness in Older Women," Sensors, vol. 25, no. 7, Mar. 2025, Art. no. 2194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s25072194

S. Ahmed, K. Lazo Green, L. McGarrigle, A. Money, N. Pendleton, and C. Todd, "Interventions Based on Behavior Change Techniques to Encourage Physical Activity or Decrease Sedentary Behavior in Community-Dwelling Adults Aged 50–70: Systematic Review With Intervention Component Analysis," Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 554–577, Aug. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2023-0140

R. M. Moriya et al., "Digital mental health interventions for anxiety and mood disorders patients: A 24-week follow-up," Clinical eHealth, vol. 6, pp. 114–120, Dec. 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceh.2023.09.002

A. Naderbagi et al., "Cultural and Contextual Adaptation of Digital Health Interventions: Narrative Review," Journal of Medical Internet Research, vol. 26, July 2024, Art. no. e55130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/55130

V. Nittas, S. J. Chavez, and P. Daniore, "Current Practice and Expert Perspectives on Cultural Adaptations of Digital Health Interventions: Qualitative Study," JMIR mHealth and uHealth, vol. 13, pp. e59965–e59965, July 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/59965

A. Derlyatka, O. Fomenko, F. Eck, E. Khmelev, and M. T. Elliott, "Bright spots, physical activity investments that work: Sweatcoin: a steps generated virtual currency for sustained physical activity behaviour change," British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 53, no. 18, pp. 1195–1196, Sept. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099739

P. Crowley et al., "A Novel System for the Device-Based Measurement of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep (Motus): Usability Evaluation," JMIR Formative Research, vol. 7, Nov. 2023, Art. no. e48209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/48209

D. Yerrakalva, D. Yerrakalva, S. Hajna, and S. Griffin, "Effects of Mobile Health App Interventions on Sedentary Time, Physical Activity, and Fitness in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," Journal of Medical Internet Research, vol. 21, no. 11, Nov. 2019, Art. no. e14343. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/14343

S. Elavsky, L. Knapova, A. Klocek, and D. Smahel, "Mobile Health Interventions for Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep in Adults Aged 50 Years and Older: A Systematic Literature Review," Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 565–593, Aug. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2017-0410

J. W. Wang et al., "Effectiveness of mHealth App–Based Interventions for Increasing Physical Activity and Improving Physical Fitness in Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," JMIR mHealth and uHealth, vol. 12, Apr. 2024, Art. no. e51478. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/51478

Y. Zhang, X. T. Zheng, X. Zhang, J. Pan, and A. V. Y. Thean, "Hybrid Integration of Wearable Devices for Physiological Monitoring," Chemical Reviews, vol. 124, no. 18, pp. 10386–10434, Sept. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00471

A. Almasri and S. Shaheen, "AI-Driven Energy Efficiency Optimizations in mHealth Applications: A Comprehensive Review on User Behavior Prediction and System Performance," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 18688–18694, Dec. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.9133

R. S. Liyon, T. Malleeshwaran, T. Prasanna, and A. J. Daniel, "AI-Driven IoT Framework for Optimal Energy Management in Consumer Devices," in 2024 3rd International Conference on Sentiment Analysis and Deep Learning (ICSADL), Mar. 2024, pp. 746–751. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSADL61749.2024.00129

J. A. Cebrick-Grossman and D. L. Fetherman, "A Workplace Physical Activity Intervention and a Smartphone App for Overweight and Obese Sedentary Women," Workplace Health & Safety, vol. 72, no. 10, pp. 431–438, Oct. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/21650799241265131

F. Gür, G. C. Gür, and V. Ayan, "The Effect of the ERVE Smartphone App on Physical Activity, Quality of Life, Self-Efficacy, and Exercise Motivation for Inactive People: A Randomized Controlled Trial," European Journal of Integrative Medicine, vol. 39, Oct. 2020, Art. no. 101198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2020.101198

X. H. Chua et al., "Rationale, Design, and Baseline Characteristics of Participants in the Health@NUS mHealth Augmented Cohort Study Examining Student-to-Work Life Transition: Protocol for a Prospective Cohort Study," JMIR Research Protocols, vol. 13, July 2024, Art. no. e56749. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/56749

S. A. Buckingham, A. J. Williams, K. Morrissey, L. Price, and J. Harrison, "Mobile health interventions to promote physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour in the workplace: A systematic review," DIGITAL HEALTH, vol. 5, Jan. 2019, Art. no. 2055207619839883. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2055207619839883

Y. P. Lin et al., "A mobile technology-based tailored health promotion program for sedentary employees: development and usability study," BMC Public Health, vol. 25, no. 1, Apr. 2025, Art. no. 1452. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-22401-3

J. A. Haley, D. J. A. Rhind, and D. W. Maidment, "Applying the behaviour change wheel to assess the theoretical underpinning of a novel smartphone application to increase physical activity in adults with spinal cord injuries," mHealth, vol. 9, Apr. 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21037/mhealth-22-52