An Integrated NB-IoT/5G Architecture Leveraging Fabry-Perot Optical Sensors for Enhanced Energy Efficiency and Coverage

Ali Salah Mahdi Khafaga; Dhurgham Ali Saeed ALRasheed; Wafaa M. R. Shakir; Jinan Charafeddine

doi:10.48084/etasr.18034

Authors

Ali Salah Mahdi Khafaga Department of Computer Networks and Software, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Babil, Iraq
Dhurgham Ali Saeed ALRasheed Department of Computer Networks and Software, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Babil, Iraq
Wafaa M. R. Shakir Department of Computer Networks and Software, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Babil, Iraq
Jinan Charafeddine De Vinci Higher Education, De Vinci Research Center, Courbevoie, France

Volume: 16 | Issue: 3 | Pages: 35129-35135 | June 2026 | https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.18034

Received: 7 February 2026 | Revised: 28 February 2026, 20 March 2026, and 22 March 2026 | Accepted: 23 March 2026 | Online: 6 June 2026

Corresponding author: Ali Salah Mahdi Khafaga

Abstract

In the current era of rapid development in communications technology, fifth-generation (5G) networks, next-generation networks, and the Internet of Things (IoT), many challenges have appeared, the most important being energy consumption and coverage. Although 5G networks offer high data speeds and low latency, the use of millimeter waves limits their range. However, the Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is characterized by wide coverage and low energy consumption, but does not have the bandwidth to accommodate all applications that require high data transfer speeds. This study presents an integrated communication model that uses Fabry-Perot optical sensors and combines NB-IoT and 5G network technologies. Fabry-Perot sensors are integrated into a network infrastructure to feed the Software-Defined Network / Network Function Virtualization (SDN/NFV) controller, which dynamically manages resources, leading to a quantitative improvement in key simulation results (38.67% energy savings and improved spectrum efficiency). This model improves both energy efficiency and coverage and is scalable and effective for next-generation networks, especially in IoT networks. The model was simulated using MATLAB, demonstrating the scalable performance and effective integration of optical sensing with network control.

Keywords:

fifth-generation (5G), Narrowband Internet of Things( NB-IoT), energy efficiency, coverage, fabry-perot sensors, network integration, Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR)

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