An Optimization-Based Hybrid Energy Storage Management System for DC Microgrids

Shraddha Aniket Sawant; Sushil Thale

doi:10.48084/etasr.18108

Authors

Shraddha Aniket Sawant Agnel Charities Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi, Navi Mumbai, India
Sushil Thale Agnel Charities Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi, Navi Mumbai, India

Volume: 16 | Issue: 3 | Pages: 35388-35394 | June 2026 | https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.18108

Received: 11 February 2026 | Revised: 17 March 2026 and 28 March 2026 | Accepted: 1 April 2026 | Online: 6 June 2026

Corresponding author: Shraddha Aniket Sawant

Abstract

Standalone DC microgrids with renewable energy sources are usually designed to include Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) comprising batteries and supercapacitors to ensure reliable operation and extended ESS lifetime. However, conventional power management strategies often subject the batteries to rapid current fluctuations, deep cycling, and thermal stress, which accelerate degradation. This study proposes an optimization-based energy management strategy for a Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) consisting of a battery and supercapacitor integrated with Photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cell sources in a standalone DC microgrid. The proposed controller determines the optimal battery current reference through a constrained weighted-sum optimization of power balance during excess and deficit power. The optimization framework generates the optimal battery current while enforcing operational constraints, including State-of-Charge (SoC) limits, temperature thresholds, current bounds, and ramp-rate limits. The optimized battery current is adaptively blended with a voltage-regulation component. The supercapacitor operates in voltage control mode to handle transient power fluctuations, thereby relieving the battery from high-frequency stress. MATLAB simulations conducted in this study demonstrated the effective microgrid bus voltage regulation under varying solar irradiance and load conditions, while reducing the battery current oscillations by about 40%, maintaining the battery SoC within 20-90%, and temperature limits of 35 °C. The proposed strategy enhances battery operational reliability and provides an effective framework for life-aware energy storage management in standalone DC microgrids.

Keywords:

battery life optimization, DC microgrid, hybrid energy storage system, real-time control

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