Reducing Embodied Carbon of Paving Blocks with Landfill Waste Incineration Ash: An Eco-Cement Life Cycle Assessment
Received: 27 December 2024 | Revised: 3 February 2025 | Accepted: 8 February 2025 | Online: 3 April 2025
Corresponding author: Miswar Tumpu
Abstract
This study examines the embodied carbon of paving blocks by substituting Portland Composite Cement (PCC) with landfill waste incineration ash at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% replacement levels. Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and mechanical testing, the embodied carbon value was calculated per ISO 14040 standards. Results show that a 50% replacement achieves a 33% reduction in embodied carbon (120 kgCO₂e/m³ vs. 180 kgCO₂e/m³ for conventional paving blocks) while maintaining compressive strength within SNI criteria. These findings highlight the potential for eco-cement paving blocks to support sustainable construction and inform policies promoting low-carbon building materials.
Keywords:
embodied carbon, paving block, incineration landfill waste, eco-cement, sustainable constructionDownloads
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Copyright (c) 2025 Darhamsyah, Miswar Tumpu, M. Farid Samawi, Martin Anda, Azlan Abas, M. Yusuf Satria
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